ABSTRACT
This paper summarizes common digital skills frameworks and their operationalizations in international and regional assessment programs. It outlines the common purposes of digital skills assessments and the challenges associated with them, including the dimensionality of digital literacy, the impact of assessment designs and applications, and the fairness of assessments. The chapter also provides an overview of the potential effects of various assessment settings and discusses how digital skills are promoted and assessed in different education systems. It concludes with recommendations for education authorities.