Shadow Education in Myanmar: Private Supplementary Tutoring And Its Policy Implications

In September 2015 the global community (including Myanmar) adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which will shape development priorities internationally until 2030. Goal 4 (SDG4) commits signatories to “ensure equitable access to inclusive quality education” for all. In Myanmar, the Ministry of Education has been undertaking wide-ranging education reforms to deliver on these commitments and improve the quality of education in the country. UNESCO, with its global mandate to lead the SDG4 Education 2030 agenda, has been supporting Myanmar to integrate its SDG4 commitments into national policies and to strengthen SDG4 monitoring and reporting.

Within the broader framework of UNESCO’s support for SDG4 implementation under the Capacity Development for Education (CapED) programme, UNESCO commissioned a study of the scale, nature and implications of private supplementary tutoring in Myanmar. Given its implications for access to quality education and for broader inequalities, the topic has a strong bearing on the aims of the SDG4 agenda and the goal of “leaving no one behind”....…..…………………………